Value Investing - What is Value Investing & its Fundamentals

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Value Investing - What is Value Investing & its Fundamentals

Value investing is the dark horse of stock markets. And this dark horse has created huge wealth for none other than Warren Buffet. Read on to know what value investing is, and what are the critical factors in this strategy.

All that glitters is not gold and all that is gold does not always glitter. This holds true for investment decisions as well and forms the core principle of value investing.

What is Value Investing?

The value investment strategy was popularised by Benjamin Graham along with David Dodd after successfully surviving the period of the great depression. It involves proactively identifying stocks which are trading at a significantly lower value than their intrinsic value. Intrinsic Value refers to the true value of a stock.

The two factors behind value investing are market price and value. Price is the amount you pay, and the value is what you get in return. Value investing believes that the stock market does not always remain in an efficient or balanced state. It sometimes overreacts to events such as political announcements, organisational restructuring, economic conditions and results in stock price fluctuations which do not correspond to the company’s actual worth or long-term fundamentals. Hence, there is a good probability that there are undervalued or overvalued stocks in the market.

Value Investing and Behavioral Finance

Value Investing and Behavioral Finance are two sides of the same coin. Value investing aims to exploit irrational or impulsive behaviour of investors. Emotions heavily influence investment-related decisions. Greed, fear, peer-pressure lead to poor investment decisions. This creates a huge potential for dispassionate or objective investors. Value investors do not get carried away by market sentiments or herd mentality, instead, they look at the real value of a stock in the long run. They also do not fall into a “growth trap” without actually understanding the history or behaviour of stocks.


Fundamentals of Value Investing


1. 
Find the intrinsic value

Investors who follow value investing strategy are more interested in a stock’s intrinsic value and not just the current market price. There are multiple ways and valuation methods that are used to identify the intrinsic or true value of a stock. Such as discounted cash flow analysis, dividend discount model, Earning per Share valuation, etc. There is also a formula coined by Benjamin Graham to arrive at the true value of a stock. It is:

 Intrinsic Value = Earnings Per Share (EPS) multiplied by (8.5+ Twice the growth rate of the company in the coming 7-10 years).

 This formula has been now tweaked to reflect the current market conditions correctly. It is now:

 Intrinsic Value = [Earnings Per Share (EPS) multiplied by (8.5+ Twice the growth rate of the company in the coming 7-10 years) multiplied by 4.4] divided by current corporate bond (AAA) yield.

 4.4 in the above formula referred to the minimum rate of return in the USA in the year 1962. For the purpose of valuation of Indian stocks, 4.4 should be replaced by the corporate bond yield in the same year in India.

When the stock’s market value goes below the calculated intrinsic value, investors purchase those stocks. Then they sit back and relax till the time the market corrects itself and the stock price reaches its actual value.

 
2. Margin of Safety

Margin of Safety enables value investors to manage risks and avoid losses. It is also the key element which distinguishes value investing from mere speculation. It refers to the difference between the stock’s current market price and its intrinsic value. Higher the gap, greater is the safety margin. By investing in a stock with an adequate security margin, investors know that any negative event or volatility will not adversely impact the value of the investment.


3. 
Don’t follow the crowd

Value investing is not for those who like to follow the herd. Value investors focus on stocks which are overlooked or avoided by others because of their low valuations but are inherently solid stocks.

 

Are there risks in Value Investing?

Yes. Just like all the other things in our life, there are risks involved in Value Investing as well. One of the biggest risks is falling into Value Traps. All cheap stocks do not translate into good investment decisions. Value traps are stocks which seem to cheap due to low PE multiple or cash flows, but never go up in value. It is important to do full due- diligence before investing. This includes not just financial metrics, but also qualitative aspects such as quality of management, stability, competition, etc.



Final Words

Value investing is a proven strategy for wealth appreciation in the long run. But it can be an intimidating way of investing without the right support. A partner like IndiaNivesh can make the process smooth and more fruitful for investors. IndiaNivesh is a reputable financial service provider which offers a wide range of services related to Broking, Institutional equities, strategic investments, wealth management, investment banking and corporate finance. With their in-depth understanding of the Indian markets, the organisational experience of three centuries and cutting-edge technological tools, they help investors make well-informed and profitable decisions.



Disclaimer: "Investment in securities market and Mutual Funds are subject to market risks, read all the related documents carefully before investing."

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IPO Process - 5 Steps for Successful Listing in India

The last two years have proven to be very fruitful for the IPO (Initial Public Offer) market. Investors have cashed in the opportunity and made huge returns in the IPO. The journey of the company to offer its shares to the public is exciting and at the same time, it also offers an opportunity to the investors to reap the benefits of IPO. Seeing the performance of recent IPOs, the attention of investors towards it is at an all-time high and they are always on a lookout for the new opportunities to arrive. When a private company decides to go public, the initial public offering process starts. The companies go public to raise a huge amount of capital in the exchange of securities. An IPO is an important stage for the growth of any company because they have access to public capital which enhances their credibility and exposure. The initial public offering process in India is regulated by the ‘Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). In this article, you will learn about 5 steps of the IPO process for a successful listing on the Indian stock exchange. IPO Process in India Step 1: Selection of an Investment Banker for Underwriting Process Before understanding the IPO process, let us understand what underwriting is. Underwriting is a process in which the shares of the companies are issued and sold during the initial public offering. During this process investment bank advices and gives suggestions to the company against a fee. The investment banker understands the financial situation of the company and accordingly suggests them plans to meet their financial needs. They sign an underwriting agreement with the company. The agreement has all the details about the deal and the amount that will be raised by issuing securities. The companies may select an investment bank after determining various factors such as the reputation of the bank, expertise in the process, quality of their equity research and experience in the sector they deal. All these factors help in selling the IPO to the investors, traders and retailers. Step 2: Due Diligence and Regulation Process After the selection of the investment banker, the company is required to make an initial registration statement as per the regulations of the SEBI. In this process, the company and the underwriters submit the SEBI its fiscal data and the future plans of the company. The company is also required to give the declaration about the usage of funds that will be raised from IPO procedure. This declaration ensures that the company has given each and every disclosure that an investor must know. The company must file various versions of the prospectus from the initial stage to the final stage with the investors. The prospectus consists of the company’s details like valuation of the company, risk and rewards of the investment along with other details. This IPO process ends with the filing of the above-mentioned documents. Step 3: Pricing The final price of the Initial Public Offering is determined by the investors. The investment bank markets the IPO. To attract the public to the IPO application process, they are priced at a discount. By issuing shares at discount, the share performs well when they are listed on the stock exchanges. The price of the stock during IPO procedure can be a fixed price with the price mentioned in the order document. On the other hand, a book building issue will have a price band within the bids that can be made by the investor. Step 4: Stock Listing and Price Stabilization When the shares of the company are listed on the stock exchange and trading begins, the investment bank takes measures to establish the price of the securities. When there are not enough buyers, the bank will purchase the shares. The role of the investment bank in stabilizing the share price is essential. However, one must remember that such buying would last only for a short period of time because the IPO process already consumes a huge amount of capital investment. Step 5: Transition to Market Competition When the company's transition period to the normal competitive environment is over, the company is required to make disclosures like its financial results, significant news, etc. that is material in nature and can affect the price of the shares. The role of the investment bank is still significant. It can continue as an advisor to the company and assist in increasing the price of the shares over a period of time.   Conclusion The above mentioned are the IPO process steps for a successful listing. An IPO can change the fortunes of the company and it can grow at a rapid pace. Apart from the company, investors can also reap the benefits of an IPO by investing in them. Since there are many risks and uncertainties associated with a company going public, good research before investment can be fruitful. The investors can compare the company with its peers and check its fundamentals before investing. An investor must also consider his risk appetite and availability of funds before investing money in the IPOs. If you are an investor and need any assistance regarding investing in the stock market, you can contact IndiaNivesh.Disclaimer: "Investment in securities market and Mutual Funds are subject to market risks, read all the related documents carefully before investing."

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SIP – Different Types of Systematic Investment Plans in India

Mutual funds now are a household name and building a mutual fund portfolio is synonymous with wealth creation. As the mutual fund industry continues to grow leaps and bounds, SIPs are considered one of the key growth drivers for this industry. SIPs help the investors to invest in a systematic and disciplined manners. Online SIP investments starting with Rs 500 per month (for few schemes min SIP amount is as low as Rs. 100 per month); digital distribution and hassle-free onboarding of investors, all have resulted in making an investment for SIPs most favoured investment option. To stay relevant with times and improvise their offerings, AMCs now offer many different types of SIP so that investors can choose the most suitable type of SIP for investment best suited to their individual needs and profile. Here are the different types of SIP investment available for investors- 1. Regular SIP One of the simplest and easiest forms of SIP investment is a regular SIP, wherein you invest a fixed amount at regular intervals. The time interval can be monthly, bi-monthly, quarterly or semi-annually. You can also choose daily or weekly SIPs, though it is not recommended in most cases. When you make your first SIP payment, you are required to choose your desired time interval, amount of the SIP and the tenure of the SIP. In a regular SIP, you cannot change the amount during the tenure of the investment. If you are a salaried employee, choosing a monthly SIP, usually in the first ten days of the month, once your salary is credited to your bank account is highly recommended. 2. Step-up SIP Without a doubt, SIPs help brings about financial discipline in your life. Over time, as your earnings increase, it is important to increase your investments as well so as to keep them aligned with your income level and financial goals. A step-up SIP, also termed as a top-up SIP, is an automated solution to increase your SIP contribution either by a fixed amount or a fixed percentage after a specific time. Using Step-up SIPs will help you reach achieve your goals faster and also help in long-term wealth creation. 3. Flexible SIP For investors with irregular income, even after being well aware of the benefits of SIPs, the biggest reason for not starting a SIP is not being able to keep up with the fixed periodic investments. A flexible SIP is a perfect solution for such investors as it gives the flexibility to start, pause, decrease or increase your SIP. Depending on your flow of funds, you can change the SIP amount seven days before the SIP date. In case, there is no intimation of change, then the default amount entered is deducted for the SIP. 4. Perpetual SIP Normally, when you choose a regular SIP, it has a fixed tenure, with a starting date and an end date. But, if you are unsure about how long you want to continue the SIP, you can opt for a perpetual SIP. In case of a perpetual SIP, you leave the end date column blank and you can redeem your SIP once you have reached your financial goal. If you opt for a perpetual SIP, then it is important that you monitor the returns of your investment, to keep a track of the fund’s performance over time. 5. Trigger SIP A trigger SIP is for seasoned investors, who have sound knowledge of the financial markets and are accustomed to tracking the market performance daily. Using a trigger SIP, an investor can choose an index level, a particular event or NAV to start the SIP. An investor can set trigger points for upside and downside conditions and can redeem the amount on achieving the pre-specified target. Investors can oscillate their investments between debt and equity schemes within the same fund house. A trigger SIP is recommended only for investors who have a thorough understanding of financial markets. 6. SIP with Insurance Insurance is an important part of financial planning. In order to make mutual fund offerings more lucrative, certain fund houses offer free insurance cover if you opt for SIPs with a longer duration. The initial cover is usually ten times the first SIP and gradually increases over time. This feature is only for equity mutual fund schemes. The term insurance offered is just an add-on feature and does not impact the performance of the fund. 7. Multi SIP The multi-SIP enables starting SIP investment in multiple schemes of a fund house through a single instrument. This facility can help investors to build a diversified portfolio. Investors can start SIP in various schemes using a single form and payment instruction, thereby reducing the paperwork involved.   CONCLUSION Over the last few years, SIP returns have earned investor confidence and are the most preferred investment option of retail investors. If you are unsure on how to choose the right SIP for you and want correct guidance, then consult our expert financial advisors at IndiaNivesh for best-suited SIPs for investments.

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